On 16 June 2000, The New York Times published the secret CIA report, "Clandestine Service History, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952 â August 1953," partly explaining the coup from CIA agent Wilber's perspective. There (using CIA money deridingly known as "Behbahani dollars"), they quickly created a new plan. '"[113], When Mosaddegh called for the dissolution of the Majlis in August 1953, the editors of the New York Times gave the opinion that: "A plebiscite more fantastic and farcical than any ever held under Hitler or Stalin is now being staged in Iran by Premier Mosaddegh in an effort to make himself unchallenged dictator of the country. Leader: Imports, Contraband Inflicting Damage on Iran’s Economy, Javier Blas: Sanctions take heavy toll on Iran, The Global Competitiveness Report (2014–2015), Iran ranks 69th out of 139 in global competitiveness, Iran Ranks 3rd Among Newly-Emerged Economies, Full Text of the Law for the Targeting of Subsidies, "Why Iran's Ahmadinejad is pushing to cut popular government subsidies", Iran to Cut Oil Subsidies in Energy Reform, World Economic Outlook Database – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, 'Iran to notch up highest growth in 2015', Iran five-year plan targets annual 8% growth, Iran approves $1.6b of foreign investment plans, Cracks Start to Show in Iran's Economy as U.S. Touts Sanctions, Prices in Iran rise after lifting of subsidies, Iran to privatize 186 state-run companies: official, Iran plans $160 billion annual trade turnover by 2016, Iran eyes $250 billion annual revenue in 5 years, Iran’s NDF allocates $7b to upstream oil projects, Oil Minister: Iran Self-Sufficient in Drilling Industry, Oil Industry Will Carry Out 380 Research Projects, South Pars attracts $15b in domestic investment, Iran to boost power generation capacity by 25,000MW, Iran Top Producer of Hydroelectric Power Plants, Economy, News. [13][page needed] After a vote of confidence from the National Front dominated Parliament, Mosaddegh was appointed prime minister of Iran by the Shah (replacing Hossein Ala, who had replaced Razmara). He did so by balancing the influence of various colonial powers, including that of Britain and Germany. [91], Iran's budget is established by the Management and Planning Organization of Iran and proposed by the government to the parliament before the year's end. Roosevelt declared that the more that these agents showed their hate for the Shah and attacked his symbols, the more it caused the average Iranian citizen to dislike and distrust Mosaddegh. [13][14][15] After this vote, Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically. Iran is the no. [298], Iran has an extensive paved road system linking most towns and all cities. The total market value of Iran's health and medical sector was $24 billion in 2002 and was forecast to rise to $50 billion by 2013. The three component of Britain strategy was: I) "legal maneuvers" including refusing direct negotiation with Mosaddegh, II) Imposing economic sanctions on Iran accompanied by performing war games in the region and III) Removal of Mosaddegh through "covert political action". [160][161], Ali Khamenei believed that Mosaddegh trusted the United States and asked them to help confront Britain. "[134], The administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower considered the coup a success, but, given its blowback, that opinion is no longer generally held, because of its "haunting and terrible legacy". National Geoscience Database of Iran (2010), Iran to extend rail network to 15,000 kilometers by 2015, Organization for Investment and Technical Assistance of Iran, 'Iran cargo transit revenue to hit $12 bn', "Iran approves the Sixth Development Plan to boost investment", "Crude price pegged at dlrs 39.6 a barrel under next year's budget", Iran's parliament approves $462 billion budget, Ten Million Iranians Under "Absolute Poverty Line", Experts: Steinitz exaggerates on Iran economy, Najmeh Bozorgmehr: Subsidy dispute adds to Iran’s woes, Minister: Iran Facing No Problem in Currency Reserves, Revenues, Iran's external debts cut by $10b, hit $7.2b: Central Bank Chief, Iran: Concluding Statement of an IMF Staff Visit, https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-s-money-supply-skyrockets-parallel-to-inflation/30671910.html, https://en.radiofarda.com/a/government-debt-deficit-money-supply-soar-iran-central-bank-reveals/30434199.html, Katy Barnato: Iranians to splash up to $8B on overseas property: Study, Decentralization key to solving economic problems, Minister predicts high rate of firm closures, Ahmadinejad slams corrupt hoarders of wealth: "The Iranian 1%", "Hard-Line Force Extends Grip Over a Splintered Iran", "Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy", "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)". Susan J. Campbell, Dearbhla McHenry (January 22, 2010): Management and Planning Organization of Iran, Iran's wealth is controlled by just 300 people, Economic activities of the Revolutionary Guard Corps, Financial & monetary institutions services, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, List of military equipment manufactured in Iran, International Institute for Strategic Studies, fuel smuggling with neighboring countries, target prices set in the subsidy reform plan, Domestic oil and gas along with hydroelectric power facilities, Iran Travel and Tourism Organization (ITTO), Ministry of Information & Communication Technology, could be substituted by domestically produced products, one third of Iran's imported goods and exports, the Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran (OIETAI), three decade-old US oil embargo against Iran, foreign exchange reserves frozen overseas, International Iranian Economic Association, Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran), Ministry of Industries and Business (Iran), "The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. [84] The intent is to make the country self-sufficient by 2015 and replace the payment of $100 billion in subsidies annually with targeted social assistance. Assuming that the coup had failed, he asked his supporters to return to their homes and to continue with their lives as normal. Preserving this close relationship was more important to U.S. officials than saving Mosaddeq's tottering regime." [253] Projections based on 1996 employment figures compiled for the International Labour Organization suggest that Iran's transport and communications sector employed 3.4 million people, or 20.5% of the labor force in 2008. Bridgette/Bridge/Blook / She/Her / Polysexual / Leo / Lecer / 17 / ENFP / Blood Aspect / Phlegmatic This is my personal blog !! An der Datumsgrenze (180°-Meridian) gibt es sowohl die Zeitzonen UTCâ12 als auch UTC+12. [18]:33 D'Arcy paid £20,000 (equivalent to £2 million in 2016[33]), according to journalist-turned-historian Stephen Kinzer, and promised equal ownership shares, with 16% of any future net profit, as calculated by the company. But the real issue stemmed from the fact that Mosaddegh represented a pro-democratic force that wanted to temper the Shah's rule in Iranian politics. [99], In March 2018, the National Security Archive released a declassified British memo alleging that the United States Embassy sent "large sums of money" to "influential people"ânamely senior Iranian clericsâin the days leading up to Mosaddeq's overthrow. Following the US pullout from an international nuclear deal with Iran and re-imposed sanctions, Iran faced the toughest economic situation in 40 years. [150] Consumer cooperatives have over six million members. The new Shah, unlike his father, was initially a mild leader and at times indecisive. [65] In 2004 the service sector ranked as the largest contributor to GDP (48%) and employed 44% of workers. [31], Historians disagree on what motivated the United States to change its policy towards Iran and stage the coup. WASHINGTON (AP) â A top national security aide to former President Barack Obama will be tapped as U.S. envoy for Iran, a senior State Department official said ⦠Ali Akbar Dareini: Iran Leader Unveils 'Economy of Resistance'. [13][page needed], The Shah and his prime minister had an antagonistic relationship. The cost of the war to the country's economy was some $500 billion. The Cold War was at its height in the early 1950s, and the Soviet Union was viewed as an expansionist power seeking world domination. Another tactic Roosevelt admitted to using was bribing demonstrators into attacking symbols of the Shah, while chanting pro-Mosaddegh slogans. [14][page needed], Reza Shah attempted to attenuate the power of the colonial forces in Iran, and was successful to a large extent. "'I owe my throne to God, my people, my army and to you!' [citation needed][345], In 2018, the United States government unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA agreement and re-imposed its sanctions on Iran's oil sales, petrochemicals, shipping, metals trading and banking transactions. [52] The bank continued its activities under the name of Bank Iran until 1933 when incorporating the newly founded Keshavarzi Bank. Guyanaâthat was burned."[86]. Reza Shah began a rapid and successful modernization program in Persia, which up until that point had been considered to be among the most impoverished countries in the world. ... Soviet power had already subdued Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. "[103] Mosaddegh did not want any compromise solution that allowed a degree of foreign control. [42], By 1951, the National Front had won majority seats for the popularly elected Majlis (Parliament of Iran). [240][241], Iran manufactures 60–70% of its equipment domestically, including refineries, oil tankers, drilling rigs, offshore platforms, and exploration instruments. In 2008 GDP was estimated at $382.3 billion ($842 billion PPP), or $5,470 per capita ($12,800 PPP). [13][page needed][14][page needed][15][page needed] Despite the CIA's role in creating the conditions for the coup, there is little evidence to suggest that Kermit Roosevelt Jr. or other CIA officials were directly responsible for the actions of the demonstrators or the army on 19 August. [103], Tirman points out that agricultural land owners were politically dominant in Iran, well into the 1960s and the monarch, Reza Shah's aggressive land expropriation policiesâto the benefit of himself and his supportersâresulted in the Iranian government being Iran's largest land owner. Rather, the Eisenhower administration interpreted the available evidence in a more alarming manner than the Truman administration had. [320] In 2006, the combined net worth of Iranian citizens abroad was about 1.3 trillion dollars. Overnight, the CIA became a central part of the American foreign policy apparatus, and covert action came to be regarded as a cheap and effective way to shape the course of world events"âa coup engineered by the CIA called Operation PBSuccess toppling the duly elected Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, which had nationalised farm land owned by the United Fruit Company, followed the next year. [205], Iran's major manufactured products are petrochemicals, steel and copper products. [333], After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the United States ended its economic and diplomatic ties with Iran, banned Iranian oil imports and froze approximately $11 billion of its assets. [181] Adjusted for purchasing power parity, Iran's 2017–2018 median income was equivalent to about $28,647 (2017 conversion factor, private consumption, LCU). [18]:106, On a visit to the United States in October 1951, Mosaddeghâin spite of the popularity of nationalization in Iranâagreed in talks with George C. McGhee to a complex settlement of the crisis involving the sale of the Abadan Refinery to a non-British company and Iranian control of the extraction of crude oil. track record has encouraged many of our gravest contemporary problems... A generation of Iranians grew up knowing that the C.I.A. [70] Furthermore, international sanctions have damaged the economy by reducing oil exports by half before recovering in 2016. [18]:215 In 2000, Madeleine Albright, U.S. Secretary of State, said that intervention by the U.S. in the internal affairs of Iran was a setback for democratic government. [41] Iran's currency (Iranian rial) has fallen,[43] and Iran has a relatively low rating in "Economic Freedom",[44][41] and "ease of doing business". in Iran", "Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq: Symbol of Iranian Nationalism and Struggle Against Imperialism by the Iran Chamber Society", "CIA Historical Paper No. Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home. In it, BBC admitted for the first time to the role of BBC Persian radio as the propaganda arm of the British government in Iran. "[3] Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA, flew back with the Shah from Rome to Tehran. The British government used the BBC's Persian service for advancing its propaganda against Mosaddegh. The agency was intensifying its propaganda campaign. Under heavy pressure by the National Front, the assassin of Razmara (Khalil Tahmasebi) was released and pardoned, thus proving the movement's power in Iranian politics. [157] Smuggling is encouraged in part by the generous subsidization of domestic goods (including fuel). [302] Copper, cement, leather, textiles, fruits, saffron and caviar are also export items of Iran. He states that Secretary of State Dean Acheson admitted the "'Communist threat' was a smokescreen" in responding to President Eisenhower's claim that the Tudeh party was about to assume power. [5] Other men paid by the CIA were brought into Tehran in buses and trucks, and took over the streets of the city. [39][40], GDP contracted in 2018 and 2019 and modest rebound is expected in 2020. United States 2021 â Calendar with American holidays. Rivers drain into the Caspian Sea and are fished for salmon, carp, trout, pike, and sturgeon that produce caviar, of which Iran is the largest producer. The political party that Mosaddegh founded, the National Front of Iran, was later reorganized by Karim Sanjabi, and is currently being led by the National Poet of Iran Adib Boroumand, who was a strong Mosaddegh supporter and helped spread pro-Mosaddegh propaganda during the Abadan Crisis and its aftermath. [38] The Constitutional Revolution was opposed by the British and Russians, who attempted to subvert it through the backing of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (the son of Mozzafar-e-din Shah), who tried to break up the democratic government by force. Gating factors include poor infrastructure, legal barriers, exploration difficulties, and government control over all resources. This fall led to a drop in revenues and clashes on the streets of Tehran when the local currency, the rial, collapsed. [61][62], By the middle of the day, large crowds of regular citizens, armed with improvised weapons, took to the streets in mass demonstrations, and beat back the Tudeh party members. He carried only two items with him: a small backpack and his ⦠CIA gave Zahedi's government $5 million after the coup[18][page needed] with Zahedi himself receiving an extra million. [13][page needed] Following the failed coup attempt, the Shah, accompanied by his second wife Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari and Aboul Fath Atabay[59] fled to Baghdad. A 2003 report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization regarding small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)[167] identified the following impediments to industrial development: Despite these problems, Iran has progressed in various scientific and technological fields, including petrochemical, pharmaceutical, aerospace, defense, and heavy industry. There has been documentation that both Ayatollah Behbahani and Khomeini received funds from the CIA by some sources. [121] According to Wilber, the British Secret Intelligence Service worked with CIA to form a propaganda campaign via "the press, handbills and the Tehran clergy" to "weaken the Mossadeq government in any way possible". [339] In 2012 the European Union tightened its own sanctions by joining the three decade-old US oil embargo against Iran. [37] Nevertheless, Reza Shah was also a very harsh ruler who did not tolerate dissent. In a 1 August meeting with General Norman Schwarzkopf, he refused to sign the C.I.A.-written decrees firing Mr. Mossadegh and appointing General Zahedi. [136] There is little alignment between fiscal and monetary policy. He was increasingly blamed for the economic and political crisis. In 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested a nuclear weapon. [59], The government's long-term objectives since the revolution were stated as economic independence, full employment, and a comfortable standard of living but Iran's population more than doubled between 1980 and 2000 and its median age declined. [37] Women made up 33% of the labor force in 2005. [131] In 2008, around 55% of government revenue came from oil and natural gas revenue, with 31% from taxes and fees. In 2007 Iran reached self-sufficiency in wheat production and for the first time became a net wheat exporter. [133], In a review of Tim Weiner's Legacy of Ashes, historian Michael Beschloss wrote, "Mr. Weiner argues that a bad C.I.A. [37][page needed] On 21 March 1935, Reza Shah changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran. [41] Iran's banking system is "chronically weak and undercapitalised" according to Nordea Bank Abp,[41] holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans,[42] and the private sector remains "anemic". [37][page needed] By 1925 under his influence, Parliament voted to remove Ahmad Shah Qajar from the throne, and Reza Khan was crowned Reza Shah Pahlavi, of the Pahlavi Dynasty. [216] Trains operated on 11,106 kilometres (6,901 mi) of track. The earlier agreed-upon Soviet-Iranian oil agreement would never be honored. The embargo had the effect of causing Iran to spiral into bankruptcy. Just 22 days after the Iran-backed Houthi militia terrorists â also known as Ansarallah â carried out an attack on the airport at the Yemeni port of Aden, President Biden lifted a ban on travelers from that country. "Iranians were becoming poorer and unhappier by the day" and Mosaddegh's political coalition was fraying. In 2003 Iran ranked 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. [64] In 2009 the ratio of research to GDP was 0.87% against the government's medium-term target of 2.5%. [134] The budget is based on an oil price of $85 per barrel. Led by Mosaddegh, political parties and opponents of the Shah's policies banded together to form a coalition known as the National Front. However, under Stalin, the Soviet Union partly remained by sponsoring two "People's Democratic Republics" within Iran's borders. But the reformers were at root nationalists, not communists, and the issue that galvanized them above all others was the control of oil. Shocked by the experience and emboldened by public sympathy for his injury, the Shah began to take an increasingly active role in politics. Reza Shah was arrested, deposed, and exiled by the British, and some other prominent officials were jailed as well. [102], Abrahamian states that Iran's oil was the central focus of the coup, for both the British and the Americans, though "much of the discourse at the time linked it to the Cold War". [48], Annual economic growth of above 5% is necessary to absorb the 750,000 new labor force entrants each year. [97] One revelation is that the CIA "attempted to call off the failing coup but was salvaged by an insubordinate spy. [260][261] In 2008 the Iranian Oil Bourse (IOB) was inaugurated in Kish Island. [281], State-owned commercial banks predominantly make loans to the state, bonyad enterprises, large-scale private firms and four thousand wealthy/connected individuals. [37][172] According to the government, some 40% of the workforce in the public sector are either in excess or incompetent. Ostensible worker representation is provided by the Workers' House, a state-sponsored institution that attempts to challenge some state policies. The biggest chainstores are state-owned Etka, Refah, Shahrvand and Hyperstar Market. [61][62], Iran's national science budget in 2005 was about $900 million, roughly equivalent to the 1990 figure. "[109] He concludes "it was geostrategic considerations, rather than a desire to destroy Mosaddeq's movement, to establish a dictatorship in Iran or to gain control over Iran's oil, that persuaded U.S. officials to undertake the coup. The document further stressed that the Foreign Office "shall be grateful for [the ambassador's] comments on the propaganda line we have proposed". [251] The result of the rationing, a year later, was reduced pollution and wasteful domestic consumption and increase in exports.[252]. [173], Iran is classed as a middle income country and has made significant progress in provision of health and education services in the period covered by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). [346], According to U.S. [94][29] According to Aljazeera, the deputy director of the National Security Archive, Malcolm Bryne, disclosed that the CIA documented the secret histories purposely for official use. [37] The government's 20-year vision (as of 2020), involves market-based reforms reflected in the government’s, with a five year development plan (FY 2016 to FY 2021) focusing on "a resilient economy" and "progress in science and technology". It is under the control of the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, and created from thousands of properties confiscated from Iranians. But with the subsequent rift between the conservative Islamic establishment and the secular liberal forces, Mosaddegh's work and legacy has been largely ignored by the Islamic Republic establishment. Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1820s when Amir Kabir undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. During this time, Iran experienced a period of social change, economic development, and relative political stability. [34][35][36] Massive popular protests had forced Mozzafar al-Din Shah to allow for the Constitution of 1906, which limited his powers. [71], The CIA sent Major General Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. to persuade the exiled Shah to return to rule Iran. Despite Iran not controlling its national oil, the Shah agreed to replacing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company with a consortiumâBritish Petroleum and eight European and American oil companies; in result, oil revenues increased from $34 million in 1954â1955 to $181 million in 1956â1957, and continued increasing,[25]:419,420 and the United States sent development aid and advisers. The documents also describe the motivations behind the coup and the strategies used to stage it. From Washington, it seemed that enemies were on the march everywhere. [70] Released National Security Archive documents showed that Undersecretary of State Walter Bedell Smith reported that the CIA had agreed with Qashqai tribal leaders, in south Iran, to establish a clandestine safe haven from which U.S.-funded guerrillas and spies could operate. Other important manufactures include automobiles, home and electric appliances, telecommunications equipment, cement and industrial machinery. "[109] While "these concerns seem vastly overblown today"[109] the pattern of "the 1945â46 Azerbaijan crisis, the consolidation of Soviet control in Eastern Europe, the communist triumph in China, and the Korean Warâand with the Red Scare at its height in the United States"[109] would not allow U.S. officials to risk allowing the Tudeh Party to gain power in Iran. Iran stands at number 96 in terms of business start-ups, 165 in obtaining permits, 147 in employment, 147 in asset registration, 84 in obtaining credit, 164 in legal support for investments, 104 in tax payments, 142 in overseas trade, 56 in contract feasibility and 107 in bankruptcy. 208 Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran November 1952 â August 1953 by Donald N. Wilber", "CIA document mentions who ordered the 1953 coup", "Secret Notes by CIA agent Donald Wilber on the overthrow of Premier Mossadegh of Iran (PDF)", Notes, formerly classified as "Secret" by CIA agent Donald Wilber on the overthrow of Premier Mossadegh of Iran (plain text), "Review by Jonathan Schanzer of "All the Shah's Men" by Stephen Kinzer", "C.I.A. The incredible ancient city of Persepolis, just an hour away from Shiraz. [65] Iran ranked first in scientific growth in the world in 2011 and 17th in science production in 2012. Before the earthquake, Bam had a population of roughly 97,000. [269] Although over 85% of the population use an insurance system to cover their drug expenses, the government heavily subsidizes pharmaceutical production/importation. [15][144] After the revolution, SAVAK was officially abolished, but was in reality "drastically expanded" into a new organization that killed over 8,000â12,000 prisoners between 1981 and 1985 alone, and 20,000â30,000 in total, with one prisoner who served time under both the Shah and the Islamic Republic declaring that "four months under (Islamic Republic's) warden Asadollah Lajevardi took the toll of four years under SAVAK". [41] About 9% of Iran's land is arable,[196] with the main food-producing areas located in the Caspian region and in northwestern valleys. Everyone present began cheering and then marched out of the room; the abandoned Harriman shook his head in dismay.